Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)

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• Quick Lookups
  • Common Specs & Procedures
    • Common Specs & Procedures
  • DTC Index
    • Air Bag Restraint System DTCS
    • Anti-Theft, Interior Light Delay & Power Door Locks DTCS
    • Convertible Top - Power DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brake System/Traction Control DTCS
    • Engine Performance DTC
    • Instrument Panel DTCS
  • Electrical Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
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        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
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        • INFINITI
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        • LEXUS
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        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fluids
  • Technical Bulletins
    • Safety Recalls
    • Technical Service Bulletins
  • Tire Fitment
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Engine Performance
        • 2.8L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Antenna
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Anti-Theft Systems
    • Anti-Theft, Interior Light Delay & Power Door Locks
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Programming
        • Coding Remote Control Unit
          • Notes
          • Programing One Remote Control Unit
          • Programing 2, 3 Or 4 Remote Control Units
        • Erasing Remote Control Unit Code
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Entering On Board Diagnostic Function Modes
        • Function Mode 02: Retrieving DTC Memory
        • Function Mode 03: Output Diagnostic Test
        • Function Mode 05: Erasing DTC Memory
        • Function Mode 06: Exiting On-Board Diagnostics
        • Function Mode 07: Code Control Module
          • Selecting & Entering Code
        • Function Mode 08: Reading Measured Value Block
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Notes
        • DTC 01360: Driver's Door Switch
          • Notes
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01361: Passenger's Door Switch
          • Notes
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01362: Tailgate Switch
          • Notes
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01363: No Malfunction
        • DTC 01364: No Malfunction
        • DTC 01365: Lock/Unlock Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01366: Crash Signal
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01367: Central Locking Pump
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01368: Trunk Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01369: Hood Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01370: Interior Scanner
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01371: Driver's Side Door Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01372: Rear Door Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01373: Radio Ground Terminal
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01374: Ignition Switch Terminal 15
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01389: Tailgate Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Cruise Control Systems
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Adjustments
      • Brake & Clutch Vent Valve Switches
      • Vacuum Servo Linkage Adjustment
    • System Tests
      • Preliminary Inspection
      • Vacuum Test
      • Circuit Tests
    • Removal & Installation
      • Brake & Clutch Vent Valves
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Control Unit
        • Removal & Installation
      • MULTIFUNCTION Switch
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Description & Operation
      • Notes
      • Auto-Check System
        • Notes
        • DANGER Display
        • WARNING Display
      • Mini-Check System
    • Component Locations
    • Self-Diagnostic System
      • Entering On Board Diagnostic Function Modes
      • Function Mode 02: Retrieving DTC Memory
      • Function Mode 03: Output Diagnosis Test
      • Function Mode 05: Erasing DTC Memory
      • Function Mode 06: Exiting On-Board Diagnostics
      • Function Mode 07: Coding Instrument Cluster
      • Function Mode 08: Reading Measured Value Block
      • Function Mode 10: Adaptation
        • Notes
        • Channel 01
        • Channel 05
        • Channel 06
        • Channel 07
        • Channel 08
        • Channel 09
    • Diagnostic Tests
      • Notes
      • DTC 00667: Outside Temperature Sensor
        • Possible Cause
        • Possible Effects
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 00769: Coolant Temperature Sensor
        • Possible Cause
        • Possible Effects
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 00771: Fuel Level Sensor
        • Possible Cause
        • Possible Effects
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 65535: Control Module Inoperative
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
    • Component Tests
      • Notes
      • Coolant Temperature Gauge
      • Coolant Overheat Warning Symbol
      • Coolant Temperature Sensor
      • Fuel Gauge
      • Indicator Light
        • Brake Fluid Level
        • Coolant Level
        • Windshield Washer Fluid Level
      • Oil Pressure Switches
        • Notes
        • .3 Bar Oil Pressure Switch (With Auto-Check)
        • .9 Or 1.8 Bar Oil Pressure Switches (With Auto-Check)
        • .3 Bar Oil Pressure Switch (With Mini-Check)
        • .9 Or 1.8 Bar Oil Pressure Switches (With Mini-Check)
      • Oil Pressure Gauge
      • Oil Temperature Gauge
      • Outside Temperature Display
      • Rpm Sensor
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS)
      • Voltage Stabilizer
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Terminal Identification
      • Auto-Check System
      • Mini-Check System
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Instrument Cluster
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Heated Glass/Defoggers
    • Defogger - Rear Window
      • Description & Operation
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Grid Filament Repair
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Defogger Does Not Work
        • Indicator Light Does Not Work
      • Component Tests
        • Rear Defogger Control Switch
        • Filament Test
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mirrors - Power
    • Description & Operation
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Mirrors - Power
        • Left Or Right Power Mirror Inoperative
    • Component Tests
    • Removal & Installation
      • Power Mirror Assembly
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Power Mirror Glass
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Seats
    • Seats - Heated System
      • Terminal Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Seat Heating Elements
          • Front Seat Bottom
          • Front Seat Back
          • Rear Seat Bottom
          • Rear Seat Back
        • Seat Temperature Sensor
          • Notes
          • Front
          • Rear
      • System Tests
        • Front Seat Heater Inoperative
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat Bottom Element
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat Back Element
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Seat Bottom Element
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Seat Back
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Seats - Power
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Tests
      • System Tests
        • Please Read This First *
        • Driver's Or Passenger's Seat Does Not Adjust
          • A6 (Without Memory Seats)
        • Seat Will Not Adjust In One Direction
          • A6 (Without Memory Seats)
      • Removal & Installation
        • Backrest Adjustment Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Seat Adjustment Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Seat Adjustment Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Seat Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Steering Column Switches
    • Terminal Identification
    • Description
    • Component Tests
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Steering Wheel & Horn Pad
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Combination Switch
        • Removal & Installation
      • Ignition Switch & Lock Cylinder
        • Removal
        • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Window Motors & Regulators
    • Power Windows
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Component Tests
        • Safety Lockout Switch
        • Window Switches
      • Removal & Installation
        • Window Motor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Wiper/Washer Systems
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Adjustments
      • Windshield Washer Nozzle
      • Headlight Washer Nozzle
    • Component Tests
    • Removal & Installation
      • Wiper/Washer Systems
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Wiper Switch
    • Wiring Diagrams
• Body & Frame
  • Anti-Theft, Interior Light Delay & Power Door Locks
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Programming
      • Coding Remote Control Unit
        • Notes
        • Programing One Remote Control Unit
        • Programing 2, 3 Or 4 Remote Control Units
      • Erasing Remote Control Unit Code
    • Self-Diagnostic System
      • Entering On Board Diagnostic Function Modes
      • Function Mode 02: Retrieving DTC Memory
      • Function Mode 03: Output Diagnostic Test
      • Function Mode 05: Erasing DTC Memory
      • Function Mode 06: Exiting On-Board Diagnostics
      • Function Mode 07: Code Control Module
        • Selecting & Entering Code
      • Function Mode 08: Reading Measured Value Block
    • Diagnostic Tests
      • Notes
      • DTC 01360: Driver's Door Switch
        • Notes
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01361: Passenger's Door Switch
        • Notes
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01362: Tailgate Switch
        • Notes
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01363: No Malfunction
      • DTC 01364: No Malfunction
      • DTC 01365: Lock/Unlock Switch
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01366: Crash Signal
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01367: Central Locking Pump
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01368: Trunk Switch
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01369: Hood Switch
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01370: Interior Scanner
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01371: Driver's Side Door Switch
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01372: Rear Door Switch
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01373: Radio Ground Terminal
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01374: Ignition Switch Terminal 15
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
      • DTC 01389: Tailgate Switch
        • Possible Cause
        • Corrective Steps
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Control Module
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mirrors - Power
    • Description & Operation
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Mirrors - Power
        • Left Or Right Power Mirror Inoperative
    • Component Tests
    • Removal & Installation
      • Power Mirror Assembly
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Power Mirror Glass
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Seats
    • Seats - Heated System
      • Terminal Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Locations
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Seat Heating Elements
          • Front Seat Bottom
          • Front Seat Back
          • Rear Seat Bottom
          • Rear Seat Back
        • Seat Temperature Sensor
          • Notes
          • Front
          • Rear
      • System Tests
        • Front Seat Heater Inoperative
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat Bottom Element
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Seat Back Element
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Seat Bottom Element
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Seat Back
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Seats - Power
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Tests
      • System Tests
        • Please Read This First *
        • Driver's Or Passenger's Seat Does Not Adjust
          • A6 (Without Memory Seats)
        • Seat Will Not Adjust In One Direction
          • A6 (Without Memory Seats)
      • Removal & Installation
        • Backrest Adjustment Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Seat Adjustment Motor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Seat Adjustment Switch
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Seat Assembly
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Sun Roof/T-Top/Convertible Top
    • Convertible Top - Power
      • Terminal Identification
      • Description
      • Operation
        • Opening & Closing Convertible Top
      • Component Locations
      • Adjustments
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Entering On Board Diagnostic Function Modes
        • Function Mode 02: Retrieving DTC Memory
        • Function Mode 03: Output Diagnostic Test
        • Function Mode 05: Erasing DTC Memory
        • Function Mode 06: Exiting On-Board Diagnostics
        • Function Mode 08: Reading Measured Value Block
          • Notes
          • Entering Function Mode 08
          • Test Step 1
          • Test Step 2
          • Test Step 3
          • Test Step 4
          • Test Step 5
          • Test Step 6
          • Test Step 7
          • Test Step 8
          • Test Step 9
          • Test Step 10
          • Test Step 11
          • Test Step 12
          • Test Step 13
          • Test Step 14
          • Test Step 15
          • Test Step 16
          • Test Step 17
          • Test Step 18
          • Test Step 19
          • Test Step 20
          • Test Step 21
          • Test Step 22
          • Test Step 23
          • Test Step 24
          • Test Step 25
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • DTC 00000: No Malfunction Identified
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00258: Solenoid Valve 1
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00260: Solenoid Valve 2
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00262: Solenoid Valve 3
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00264: Solenoid Valve 4
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00266: Solenoid Valve 5
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00268: Solenoid Valve 6
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00270: Solenoid Valve 7
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01089: Tension Bow Raised Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01090: Tension Bow Stowed Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01091: Convertible Top Closed Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01092: Convertible Top Open Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01093: Compartment Cover Open Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01094: Compartment Cover Locked Left Switch 3
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01095: Compartment Cover Unlocked Left Switch 2
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01096: Compartment Cover Locked Left Switch 1
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01097: Convertible Top Front Lock Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01098: Trunk Lid Closed Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01099: Luggage Compartment Switch Locked
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01100: Luggage Compartment Switch Unlocked
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01101: Convertible Top Latch Open Position Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01102: Compartment Cover Locked Right Switch 3
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01103: Compartment Cover Unlocked Right Switch 2
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01104: Compartment Cover Locked Right Switch 1
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01105: Solenoid Valve 8
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01106: Power Window Opening Relay
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01107: Convertible Top Locked Indicator Light
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01108: Power Window Closing Relay
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01109: Hydraulic Pump Relay
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01110: Top Unlocking Solenoid
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01111: Trunk Lock Actuator 1
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01112: Trunk Actuator 1 & 2 Power Supply
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01113: Trunk Actuator Motor 2
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01114: Parking Brake Warning Light Switch
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 01115
        • DTC 01114
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Convertible Top Control Switch
      • Hydraulic System Bleeding
      • Removal & Installation
        • Convertible Top
        • Lower Hydraulic Cylinder
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Upper Hydraulic Cylinder
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Hydraulic Pump & Motor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Solenoid Valves
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Power Windows
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Locations
    • Component Tests
      • Safety Lockout Switch
      • Window Switches
    • Removal & Installation
      • Window Motor
        • Removal & Installation
    • Wiring Diagrams
• Brakes
  • Anti-Lock Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake System/Traction Control - 5.0
      • Application
        • 1998 AUDI A6
      • Description
      • Operation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System
        • Electronic Differential Lock
        • Traction Control System
        • Abs Control Module
      • Bleeding Brake System
      • Servicing
        • Brake Fluid
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Warning Lights
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Notes
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Equipment Hook-Up
        • Retrieving DTCS
        • Clearing DTCS
      • DTC Testing
        • Notes
        • DTC 00000: No Fault Detected
        • DTC 00257: Left Front Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00259: Right Front Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00265: Left Front Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00267: Right Front Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00273: Right Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00274: Left Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00275: Right Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00276: Left Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00283: Left Front Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00284: Right Front Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00287: Right Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00290: Left Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00301: Return Flow Pump
        • DTC 00302: Abs Solenoid Valve Relay
        • DTC 00526: Stoplight Switch
        • DTC 00529: Rpm Signal Missing
        • DTC 00532: Supply Voltage
        • DTC 00597: Varying Wheel Speed Impulse
        • DTC 00623: Abs/Transmission Electrical Connection
        • DTC 00642: Right Front EDL Switchover Valve
        • DTC 00643: Right Front EDL Outlet Valve
        • DTC 00644: Left Front EDL Switchover Valve
        • DTC 00645: Left Front EDL Outlet Valve
        • DTC 00646: Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 1
        • DTC 00647: Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 2
        • DTC 00668: Abs Control Module Keep Alive Power
        • DTC 00761: DTC Stored In ECM
        • DTC 65535: Control Module Fault
      • Circuit Tests
        • Notes
        • Abs Circuits
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Adjustments
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Disc Brakes
      • Description & Operation
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Bleeding Procedures
      • Adjustments
        • Brake Proportioning Valve
          • Notes
          • Cabriolet
        • Brake Pressure Regulator
          • Notes
          • A6
        • BRAKELIGHT Switch
        • Power Booster Push Rod
        • Parking Brake
          • Notes
          • A6, A6 Quattro, Cabriolet
        • Wheel Bearings
          • Front
          • Rear (Quattro)
          • Rear (Except Quattro)
      • Testing
        • Brake Pressure Regulator
          • Notes
          • Pressure Test
          • Leakage Test
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Caliper
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Front Pads
          • Removal (Cabriolet)
          • Inspection
          • Installation
          • Removal (A6 & A6 Quattro)
        • Front Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Caliper
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Pads
          • Removal
          • Inspection
          • Installation
        • Rear Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Master Cylinder
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Power Booster
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Front Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Rear Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Master Cylinder
        • Vacuum Power Boosters
      • Torque Specifications
      • Disc Brake Specifications
  • Anti-Lock Brake System/Traction Control - 5.0
    • Application
      • 1998 AUDI A6
    • Description
    • Operation
      • Anti-Lock Brake System
      • Electronic Differential Lock
      • Traction Control System
      • Abs Control Module
    • Bleeding Brake System
    • Servicing
      • Brake Fluid
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Warning Lights
    • Diagnosis & Testing
      • Notes
      • Preliminary Checks
      • Equipment Hook-Up
      • Retrieving DTCS
      • Clearing DTCS
    • DTC Testing
      • Notes
      • DTC 00000: No Fault Detected
      • DTC 00257: Left Front Inlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00259: Right Front Inlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00265: Left Front Outlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00267: Right Front Outlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00273: Right Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00274: Left Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00275: Right Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00276: Left Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
      • DTC 00283: Left Front Wheel Speed Sensor
      • DTC 00284: Right Front Wheel Speed Sensor
      • DTC 00287: Right Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
      • DTC 00290: Left Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
      • DTC 00301: Return Flow Pump
      • DTC 00302: Abs Solenoid Valve Relay
      • DTC 00526: Stoplight Switch
      • DTC 00529: Rpm Signal Missing
      • DTC 00532: Supply Voltage
      • DTC 00597: Varying Wheel Speed Impulse
      • DTC 00623: Abs/Transmission Electrical Connection
      • DTC 00642: Right Front EDL Switchover Valve
      • DTC 00643: Right Front EDL Outlet Valve
      • DTC 00644: Left Front EDL Switchover Valve
      • DTC 00645: Left Front EDL Outlet Valve
      • DTC 00646: Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 1
      • DTC 00647: Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 2
      • DTC 00668: Abs Control Module Keep Alive Power
      • DTC 00761: DTC Stored In ECM
      • DTC 65535: Control Module Fault
    • Circuit Tests
      • Notes
      • Abs Circuits
    • Removal & Installation
      • Hydraulic Unit
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Wheel Speed Sensor
        • Removal & Installation
    • Adjustments
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Axle Shafts - Front
    • Description & Operation
    • Lubrication
    • Removal & Installation
      • Front Axle Shaft
        • Notes
        • Removal & Installation (A6 & A6 Quattro)
        • Removal & Installation (Cabriolet)
    • Overhaul
      • Constant Velocity Joint
        • Notes
        • Disassembly, Inspection & Reassembly
      • Triple-Rotor Joint (Inner)
        • Notes
        • Disassembly, Inspection & Reassembly
    • Torque Specifications
• Electrical
  • Charging Systems
    • Alternator & Regulator
      • Description
      • Adjustments
        • Belt Tension
      • Testing
        • On-Vehicle Testing
          • Generator Exciter Circuit Tests (Current Test)
          • Generator Exciter Circuit Tests (Resistance Test)
          • Generator Output Test
        • Bench Testing
          • Diode Assembly
          • Stator
          • Rotor
          • Brushes
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Indicator Light Circuit
          • Light Does Not Come On With Ignition On & Engine Off
          • Light Remains On When Ignition Is Off
          • Light Does Not Go Out When Engine RPM Is Increased
      • Removal & Installation
        • Generator
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
        • BENTLEY
        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • HONDA
        • HYUNDAI
        • INFINITI
        • ISUZU
        • Jaguar
        • KIA
        • Land Rover
        • LEXUS
        • MAZDA
        • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Gauges
    • Instrument Panels
      • Description & Operation
        • Notes
        • Auto-Check System
          • Notes
          • DANGER Display
          • WARNING Display
        • Mini-Check System
      • Component Locations
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Entering On Board Diagnostic Function Modes
        • Function Mode 02: Retrieving DTC Memory
        • Function Mode 03: Output Diagnosis Test
        • Function Mode 05: Erasing DTC Memory
        • Function Mode 06: Exiting On-Board Diagnostics
        • Function Mode 07: Coding Instrument Cluster
        • Function Mode 08: Reading Measured Value Block
        • Function Mode 10: Adaptation
          • Notes
          • Channel 01
          • Channel 05
          • Channel 06
          • Channel 07
          • Channel 08
          • Channel 09
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Notes
        • DTC 00667: Outside Temperature Sensor
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00769: Coolant Temperature Sensor
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 00771: Fuel Level Sensor
          • Possible Cause
          • Possible Effects
          • Corrective Steps
        • DTC 65535: Control Module Inoperative
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Steps
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Coolant Temperature Gauge
        • Coolant Overheat Warning Symbol
        • Coolant Temperature Sensor
        • Fuel Gauge
        • Indicator Light
          • Brake Fluid Level
          • Coolant Level
          • Windshield Washer Fluid Level
        • Oil Pressure Switches
          • Notes
          • .3 Bar Oil Pressure Switch (With Auto-Check)
          • .9 Or 1.8 Bar Oil Pressure Switches (With Auto-Check)
          • .3 Bar Oil Pressure Switch (With Mini-Check)
          • .9 Or 1.8 Bar Oil Pressure Switches (With Mini-Check)
        • Oil Pressure Gauge
        • Oil Temperature Gauge
        • Outside Temperature Display
        • Rpm Sensor
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS)
        • Voltage Stabilizer
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Terminal Identification
        • Auto-Check System
        • Mini-Check System
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Instrument Cluster
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Starters
    • Description
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Starter Does Not Crank Engine
      • Starter Cranks Too Slowly
    • Removal & Installation
      • Starter
        • Notes
        • Removal - Vehicles With 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engines
        • Installation - Vehicles With 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engines
        • Removal - Vehicles With 2.8L FSI, 3.0L MPI, 3.0 TFSI & 3.2L FSI
    • Overhaul
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Engine Performance
        • 2.8L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Antenna
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Engine Mechanical
  • Accessory Drive Belts
    • Drive Belt Routing
      • Identification
      • Drive Belt Routing
      • Adjustments
  • Specifications & Electric Cooling Fans
    • Description
    • Belt Adjustment
    • Component Testing
      • Specifications & Electric Cooling Fans
        • Condenser Fan Thermoswitch (1997)
    • Cooling System Specifications
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Cooling System (Mechanical)
    • Drive Belt Routing
      • Identification
      • Drive Belt Routing
      • Adjustments
    • Specifications & Electric Cooling Fans
      • Description
      • Belt Adjustment
      • Component Testing
        • Specifications & Electric Cooling Fans
          • Condenser Fan Thermoswitch (1997)
      • Cooling System Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mechanical
    • 2.8L V6
      • Engine Identification
      • Adjustments
        • Valve Clearance Adjustment
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Cooling System Bleeding
        • Engine
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cylinder Head
          • Removal
          • Inspection
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Cover Oil Seal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Timing Belt
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Adjusters
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft
          • Removal
          • Checking Camshaft End Play
          • Installation
        • Camshaft Seal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Cylinder Head Rear End Seals
          • Removal & Installation (Left)
          • Removal & Installation (Right With Vacuum Pump)
          • Removal & Installation (Right Without Vacuum Pump)
        • Crankshaft Rear Oil Seal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Water Pump
          • Removal & Installation
        • Oil Pan
        • Oil Retention Valves
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Cylinder Head
          • Cylinder Head
          • Valve Springs
          • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Valve Guides
          • Valve Seat
          • Valves
          • Valve Seat Correction Angles
        • Cylinder Block Assembly
          • Notes
          • Piston & Rod Assembly
          • Fitting Pistons
          • Piston Rings
          • Rod Bearings
          • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
          • Thrust Bearing
          • Cylinder Block
      • Engine Oiling
        • Valve Train
          • Notes
          • Valve Adjuster Noise
          • Valve Adjuster Inspection
        • Engine Lubrication System
          • Notes
          • Crankcase Capacity
          • Oil Pressure
        • Oil Pump
          • Notes
          • Removal & Disassembly
          • Inspection
          • Reassembly & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Engine Specifications
        • Notes
        • Crankshaft, Main & Connecting Rod Bearings
        • Pistons, Pins & Rings
        • Cylinder Block
        • Valves & Valve Springs
        • Cylinder Head
        • Camshaft
  • Starters
    • Description
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Starter Does Not Crank Engine
      • Starter Cranks Too Slowly
    • Removal & Installation
      • Starter
        • Notes
        • Removal - Vehicles With 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engines
        • Installation - Vehicles With 4-Cylinder Gasoline Engines
        • Removal - Vehicles With 2.8L FSI, 3.0L MPI, 3.0 TFSI & 3.2L FSI
    • Overhaul
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Timing Belt Replacement - 2.8L (12-Valve)
    • Model Applications
    • Manufacturer's Suggested Scheduled Maintenance
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Removal
      • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
• Engine Performance
  • Engine Controls - Adjustments
    • Introduction
    • Engine Mechanical
    • Accelerator Pedal Cable
    • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
    • Engine Speed (Rpm) Sensor Bracket
    • Idle Speed & Mixture
      • Notes
      • Idle Speed & Mixture
    • Ignition Timing
    • Valve Clearance
  • Application
    • Engine/VIN Id
      • Identification
        • General Specifications & VIN Identification
      • VIN Definition
        • Example VIN
        • VIN Definition Breakdown
      • Model/Year VIN Code Application
      • Engine Code Location
  • Emissions
    • EGR Function Testing - AUDI
      • EGR Function Testing - AUDI
        • Test 1
          • All Models (Ported EGR Valve)
        • Test 2
    • Emission Applications
      • Emission Applications
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
  • Remove, Overhaul & Install
    • Engine Controls - Remove/Install/Overhaul
      • Introduction
      • Camshaft Belt
        • Removal & Installation
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
      • Component Location
      • Torque Specifications
  • Sensor Range Charts
    • Engine Controls - Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Introduction
      • Sensor Range Charts
  • Engine Controls - Specifications
    • Introduction
    • Capacities
      • Notes
      • Battery Specifications
      • Fluid Capacities
    • Quick-Service
      • Service Intervals & Specifications
      • Drive Belt Inspection
    • Mechanical Checks
      • Engine Compression
      • Valve Clearance
    • Ignition System
      • Ignition Coil(S)
      • High Tension Wire Resistance
      • Spark Plugs
      • Firing Order
      • Ignition Timing
    • Fuel System
      • Fuel Pump
      • Injector Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Mixture
  • System
    • Engine Controls - Basic Testing
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - System/Component Tests
      • Introduction
      • Engine Switches
        • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure Test
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure Test
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
        • Fuel Pump Relay
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/Codes
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCS)
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
        • Hard Failures
        • Intermittent Failures
      • Retrieving Codes
        • Visual Inspection
        • Retrieving Codes
      • Clearing Codes
      • Pcm Voltage & Ground Check
        • Notes
        • Voltage Check
        • Ground Check
      • Pcm Coding
      • Test Drive
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Identification
        • Notes
        • Pcm Location
      • Summary
      • Connector Identification
      • Circuit Tests
        • Notes
        • DTC P0102/16486 - MAF Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0103/16487 - MAF Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0116/16500 - ECT Sensor Circuit Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0117/16501 - ECT Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0118/16502 - ECT Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0120/16504 - TP Sensor Circuit Malfunction
        • DTC P0121/16505 - TP Sensor Circuit Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0122/16506 - TP Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0123/16507 - TP Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0130/16514 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0132/16516 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0133/16517 - Ho2S Circuit Slow Response (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0134/16518 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0135/16519 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0136/16520 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0138/16522 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0141/16525 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0150/16534 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0152/16536 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0153/16537 - Ho2S Circuit Slow Response (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0154/16538 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0155/16539 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0156/16540 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0158/16542 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0161/16545 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0170/16554 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0171/16555 - System Too Lean (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0172/16556 - System Too Rich (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0173/16557 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0174/16558 - System Too Lean (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0175/16559 - System Too Rich (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0300/16684 - Random Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0301/16685 - Cylinder No. 1 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0302/16686 - Cylinder No. 2 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0303/16687 - Cylinder No. 3 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0304/16688 - Cylinder No. 4 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0305/16689 - Cylinder No. 5 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0306/16690 - Cylinder No. 6 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0322/16706 - Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit No Signal
        • DTC P0327/16711 - Knock Sensor No. 1 Circuit Low Input (Bank 1 Or Single Sensor)
        • DTC P0332/16716 - Knock Sensor No. 2 Circuit Low Input (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0337/16721 - Crankshaft Position Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0401/16785 - EGR Flow Insufficient Detected
        • DTC P0402/16786 - EGR Flow Excessive Detected
        • DTC P0422/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0432/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0440/16824 - EVAP System Malfunction
        • DTC P0452/16836 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor Low Input
        • DTC P0453/16837 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor High Input
        • DTC P0501/16885 - Vehicle Speed Sensor Range/Performance
        • DTC P0605/16989 - Pcm ROM Error
        • DTC P0706/17090 - Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
        • DTC P0707/17091 - Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P1101/17509 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1102/17510 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1104/17512 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1105/17513 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1106/17514 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1107/17515 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1109/17517 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1110/17518 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1201/17609 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1202/17610 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1203/17611 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1204/17612 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1205/17613 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1206/17614 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1213/17621 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1214/17622 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1215/17623 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1216/17624 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1217/17625 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1218/17626 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1250/17658 - Fuel Level Too Low
        • DTC P1325/17733 - Cylinder No. 1 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1326/17734 - Cylinder No. 2 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1327/17735 - Cylinder No. 3 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1328/17736 - Cylinder No. 4 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1329/17737 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1330/17738 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1339/17747 - Crankshaft Position Sensor/Engine Speed Sensor Cross Connected
        • DTC P1340/17748 - Camshaft/Crankshaft Position Sensor Signals Out Of Sequence
        • DTC P1341/17749 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1343/17751 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1345/17753 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1391/17799 - CMP Sensor Short To Ground
        • DTC P1392/17800 - CMP Sensor Open Circuit Or Short To B+
        • DTC P1393/17801 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1394/17802 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1395/17803 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 3 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1396/17804 - Engine Speed Sensor Missing Tooth
        • DTC P1400/17808 - EGR Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1402/17810 - EGR Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1407/17815 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too Low
        • DTC P1408/17816 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too High
        • DTC P1409/17817 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1410/17818 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve Short To B+
        • DTC P1417/17825 - Fuel Level Sensor Signal Too Low
        • DTC P1418/17826 - Fuel Level Sensor Signal Too High
        • DTC P1500/17908 - Fuel Pump Relay Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1504/17912 - Intake Air System Bypass Air Determined
        • DTC P1505/17913 - CTP Switch Does Not Close (Open Circuit)
        • DTC P1506/17914 - CTP Switch Does Not Open (Short To Ground)
        • DTC P1509/17917 - IAC Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1510/17918 - IAC Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1511/17919 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1512/17920 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1600/18008 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 15 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1602/18010 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 30 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1606/18014 - Rough Road/Acceleration Sensor Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1611/18019 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up/Transmission Control Module (TCM) Short To Ground
        • DTC P1612/18020 - Pcm Incorrectly Coded
        • DTC P1613/18021 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up Circuit Open Or Short To B+
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/O Codes
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Will Not Start (Cranks Okay)
          • Spark
          • No Spark
        • Difficult Start (Cranks Okay)
        • Engine Surges
        • Rough Or Unstable Idle
        • Excessive Fast Idle
        • Engine Stalls
        • Engine Lacks Power
        • Engine Misfires Or Hesitates
        • AFTERBURN In Exhaust System
        • Poor Fuel Mileage
        • Detonation Or Knocking
        • Fails Emission Test
      • INTERMITTENTS
        • Intermittent Problem Diagnosis
        • Test Procedures
          • Intermittent Simulation
  • Testing & Diagnosis
    • Engine Controls - Basic Testing
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
      • Summary
    • Engine Controls - System/Component Tests
      • Introduction
      • Engine Switches
        • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure Test
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure Test
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
        • Fuel Pump Relay
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/Codes
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCS)
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
        • Hard Failures
        • Intermittent Failures
      • Retrieving Codes
        • Visual Inspection
        • Retrieving Codes
      • Clearing Codes
      • Pcm Voltage & Ground Check
        • Notes
        • Voltage Check
        • Ground Check
      • Pcm Coding
      • Test Drive
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Identification
        • Notes
        • Pcm Location
      • Summary
      • Connector Identification
      • Circuit Tests
        • Notes
        • DTC P0102/16486 - MAF Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0103/16487 - MAF Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0116/16500 - ECT Sensor Circuit Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0117/16501 - ECT Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0118/16502 - ECT Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0120/16504 - TP Sensor Circuit Malfunction
        • DTC P0121/16505 - TP Sensor Circuit Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0122/16506 - TP Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0123/16507 - TP Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0130/16514 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0132/16516 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0133/16517 - Ho2S Circuit Slow Response (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0134/16518 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0135/16519 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0136/16520 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0138/16522 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0141/16525 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0150/16534 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0152/16536 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0153/16537 - Ho2S Circuit Slow Response (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0154/16538 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0155/16539 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0156/16540 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0158/16542 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0161/16545 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0170/16554 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0171/16555 - System Too Lean (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0172/16556 - System Too Rich (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0173/16557 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0174/16558 - System Too Lean (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0175/16559 - System Too Rich (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0300/16684 - Random Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0301/16685 - Cylinder No. 1 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0302/16686 - Cylinder No. 2 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0303/16687 - Cylinder No. 3 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0304/16688 - Cylinder No. 4 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0305/16689 - Cylinder No. 5 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0306/16690 - Cylinder No. 6 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0322/16706 - Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit No Signal
        • DTC P0327/16711 - Knock Sensor No. 1 Circuit Low Input (Bank 1 Or Single Sensor)
        • DTC P0332/16716 - Knock Sensor No. 2 Circuit Low Input (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0337/16721 - Crankshaft Position Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0401/16785 - EGR Flow Insufficient Detected
        • DTC P0402/16786 - EGR Flow Excessive Detected
        • DTC P0422/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0432/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0440/16824 - EVAP System Malfunction
        • DTC P0452/16836 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor Low Input
        • DTC P0453/16837 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor High Input
        • DTC P0501/16885 - Vehicle Speed Sensor Range/Performance
        • DTC P0605/16989 - Pcm ROM Error
        • DTC P0706/17090 - Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
        • DTC P0707/17091 - Transmission Range Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P1101/17509 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1102/17510 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1104/17512 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1105/17513 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1106/17514 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1107/17515 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1109/17517 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1110/17518 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1201/17609 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1202/17610 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1203/17611 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1204/17612 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1205/17613 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1206/17614 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1213/17621 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1214/17622 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1215/17623 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1216/17624 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1217/17625 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1218/17626 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1250/17658 - Fuel Level Too Low
        • DTC P1325/17733 - Cylinder No. 1 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1326/17734 - Cylinder No. 2 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1327/17735 - Cylinder No. 3 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1328/17736 - Cylinder No. 4 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1329/17737 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1330/17738 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1339/17747 - Crankshaft Position Sensor/Engine Speed Sensor Cross Connected
        • DTC P1340/17748 - Camshaft/Crankshaft Position Sensor Signals Out Of Sequence
        • DTC P1341/17749 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1343/17751 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1345/17753 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1391/17799 - CMP Sensor Short To Ground
        • DTC P1392/17800 - CMP Sensor Open Circuit Or Short To B+
        • DTC P1393/17801 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1394/17802 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1395/17803 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 3 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1396/17804 - Engine Speed Sensor Missing Tooth
        • DTC P1400/17808 - EGR Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1402/17810 - EGR Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1407/17815 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too Low
        • DTC P1408/17816 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too High
        • DTC P1409/17817 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1410/17818 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve Short To B+
        • DTC P1417/17825 - Fuel Level Sensor Signal Too Low
        • DTC P1418/17826 - Fuel Level Sensor Signal Too High
        • DTC P1500/17908 - Fuel Pump Relay Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1504/17912 - Intake Air System Bypass Air Determined
        • DTC P1505/17913 - CTP Switch Does Not Close (Open Circuit)
        • DTC P1506/17914 - CTP Switch Does Not Open (Short To Ground)
        • DTC P1509/17917 - IAC Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1510/17918 - IAC Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1511/17919 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1512/17920 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1600/18008 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 15 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1602/18010 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 30 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1606/18014 - Rough Road/Acceleration Sensor Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1611/18019 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up/Transmission Control Module (TCM) Short To Ground
        • DTC P1612/18020 - Pcm Incorrectly Coded
        • DTC P1613/18021 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up Circuit Open Or Short To B+
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/O Codes
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Will Not Start (Cranks Okay)
          • Spark
          • No Spark
        • Difficult Start (Cranks Okay)
        • Engine Surges
        • Rough Or Unstable Idle
        • Excessive Fast Idle
        • Engine Stalls
        • Engine Lacks Power
        • Engine Misfires Or Hesitates
        • AFTERBURN In Exhaust System
        • Poor Fuel Mileage
        • Detonation Or Knocking
        • Fails Emission Test
      • INTERMITTENTS
        • Intermittent Problem Diagnosis
        • Test Procedures
          • Intermittent Simulation
  • Theory and Operation
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation
      • Introduction
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • MOTRONIC Management System (MMS)
        • Powertrain Control Module (Pcm)
        • Input Devices
          • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
          • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • EGR Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor
          • Engine Speed (RPM) Sensor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S)
          • Knock Sensor (KS)
          • Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensor
          • Throttle Position (TP) Sensor
          • Additional Signals
        • Output Signals
          • Fuel Evaporative System
          • Double-Ended Ignition Coils
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Idle Speed Control
          • Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL)
      • Air Induction System
        • Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve
      • Fuel System
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump
        • Idle Control
          • Idle Speed Control
      • Ignition System
        • Ignition Control
          • Notes
          • Detonation Retard
          • Double-Ended Ignition Coils
      • Emission Systems
        • Evaporative (EVAP) Emissions
          • EVAP Emissions System
          • EVAP Canister Purge Control Shutoff Solenoid
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
  • Vacuum Diagrams
    • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Notes
      • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • Wiring Diagrams
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Accessories & Electrical
        • Charging System Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
      • Air Conditioning & Heat
        • Air Conditioning Trouble Shooting
        • Heater System Trouble Shooting
      • Brakes
        • Brake System Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Mechanical
        • Cooling System Trouble Shooting
        • Gasoline Engine - Mechanical Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Performance
        • Carburetor Trouble Shooting:
        • Diesel Engine Trouble Shooting
        • Fuel Injection Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
        • Tune-Up Trouble Shooting - Gas Engine Vehicles
        • Vacuum Pump - Diesel Trouble Shooting
      • Manual Transmission
        • Manual Transmission Trouble Shooting
      • Powertrain
        • Clutch Trouble Shooting
        • Drive Axle - Noise Diagnosis
          • Unrelated Noises
          • Non-Drive Axle Noises
          • Gear Noise
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Bearing Whine
          • Bearing Rumble
          • Chatter On Turns
          • Axle Shaft Noise
          • Vibration
        • Drive Axle - RWD Trouble Shooting
        • Fwd Axle Shafts & CV Joints Trouble Shooting
      • Steering & Suspension
        • Manual Steering Gear Trouble Shooting
        • Power Steering Trouble Shooting
        • Steering Column Trouble Shooting
        • Suspension Trouble Shooting
        • Wheel Alignment Trouble Shooting
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Engine Performance
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions
    • Map - Brake Systems
      • Brake Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accelerometers
        • Accumulators
        • Anchor Pins
        • Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
        • Anti-Lock Brake Controller
        • Anti-Lock Brake Systems
        • Axle Seal
        • Backing Plates
        • Bleeder Screw
        • Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
        • Brake Fluid
        • Brake Friction Material
        • Brake On - Off Switch
        • Brake Pads
        • Brake Pedals
        • Brake Shoe Hardware
        • Brake Shoes
        • Brake Stoplight Switches
        • Brake Warning Light (Amber)
        • Brake Warning Light (Red)
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs And LEDS
        • Caliper Hardware
        • Caliper Mounting Pin
        • Caliper Piston
        • Caliper Shim
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
        • Calipers
        • Combination Valve
        • Controllers
        • Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
        • Disable Switches
        • Drums
        • Electrical Brake Pumps
        • Electrical Park Motor
        • Electrical Pumps And Motors
        • Electro-Magnetic Interference
        • Electronic Brake Control Modulator
        • Electronic Brake Distribution
        • Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
        • Electronic Controllers
        • Electronic Traction Control
        • External Brake Cable
        • Flow Control Valve
        • Fluid Level Sensor Switches
        • Fluid
        • Four Wheel Drive Switches
        • Friction Material
        • G Sensors
        • Gaskets
        • Gravitational Switches
        • Grease Seal
        • Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
        • High Pressure Accumulator
        • Hoses
        • Hub
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
        • Hydraulic Modulators
        • Hydro-Boosters
        • Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
        • Ignition Disable Switches
        • Lamp Driver Relay
        • Lateral Acceleration Switches
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Low Pressure Accumulator
        • Lug Nut
        • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
        • Master Cylinders
        • Modulators
        • Motor Pack
        • Motors
        • Pads
        • Parking Brake Cable
        • Parking Brake Mechanism
        • Parking Brake Shoes
        • Parking Brake Switches
        • Parking Brake Systems
        • Pedal Travel Switches
        • Pedals
        • Power Distribution Center
        • POWERMASTER
        • Pressure Differential Switches
        • Pressure Switches
        • Pressure Transducers
        • Proportioning Valve
        • Pumps
        • Relays
        • RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
        • Rotors
        • Self-Adjusting Systems
        • Shoe Hardware
        • Shoes
        • Sockets
        • Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Star Wheel
        • Steel Brake Lines
        • Stoplight Switches
        • Stroke Sensor
        • Switches
        • Tires
        • Tone Ring
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Traction Control System (TCS)
        • Transfer Tubes
        • Vacuum Boosters
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Valves
        • Wear Indicator
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheel Cylinders
        • Wiring Harnesses
        • Yaw Rate Sensor
      • Brake System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
      • Routine Inspection Reference Guide
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Maintenance Overview
          • Antifreeze/Coolant
          • Visual Inspection
          • Radiator Cap Test
          • Engine Fan
          • Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
          • Belts (Except Timing Belts)
          • Belt TENSIONER
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
          • Engine Oil
          • Air Filters
          • Cabin Air Filter
          • Brake Fluid
          • Battery
          • Battery Cables
          • Power Steering
          • Power Steering Fluid
          • Wiper Blades
        • Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
        • Routine Inspection - UICS
          • Brake Systems
            • Notes
            • Brake Fluid
            • Bulbs And LEDS
            • Hoses
            • Lenses
            • Lug Nut
            • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
            • Parking Brake Cable
            • Vacuum Hoses
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
          • Drivetrain And Transmission
            • Notes
            • Automatic Transmission Fluid
            • Clutch Master Cylinders
            • Cooler Lines
            • Coolers
            • Differential Fluid
            • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Filters And Screens
            • Fluids And Lubricants
            • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
            • Hydraulic Fluid
            • Lubricants
            • Manual Transmission Fluid
            • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
            • Transfer Case Fluid
            • Vacuum Hoses
          • Electrical Systems
            • Batteries
            • Battery Cables
            • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
            • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
            • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
            • Ground Cables And Straps
            • Ground Straps
            • Lenses
            • Sealed Beams
            • Washer Pumps
            • Wiper Arms And Blades
            • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
            • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
          • Engine Performance And Maintenance
            • Notes
            • Accessory Belts
            • Air Filter Elements
            • Air Filter Gaskets
            • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
            • Air Pump Belts
            • Batteries
            • Battery Connectors
            • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
            • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
            • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
            • Coolant Recovery Tanks
            • Coolant
            • Distributor Caps
            • Distributor Rotors
            • Engine Cooling Systems
            • Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
            • Engine Oil
            • Fuel Filters
            • Fuel Injector Cleaning
            • Fuel Injectors
            • Fuel System Cleaning Service
            • Hose Clamps
            • Hose Connectors
            • Hose Couplers
            • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
            • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
            • Intake Cleaning
            • O2 Sensors
            • PCV Breather Elements
            • PCV Valves
            • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
            • Spark Plugs
            • Thermostats And Housings
            • Throttle Body Cleaning
            • Timing Belts
            • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
          • Exhaust Systems
            • Notes
            • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
          • Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
            • Notes
            • Belts
            • Cabin Air Filters
            • Coolant
            • Evaporator Drain Tubes
            • Evaporator Filters
            • In-Line Filters
            • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
          • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Hoses
            • Power Steering Belts
            • Power Steering Fluid
            • Power Steering Hoses
            • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
            • Strut Rods
            • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
            • Tire Pressure Sensors
            • Tires
            • Valve Stems
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
      • Wheel & Tire Supplement
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
        • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
        • Wheel & Tire - UICS
          • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
          • Tire Pressure Sensors
          • Tires
          • Wheel Alignment
          • Wheel Attachment Hardware
          • Wheels (Rims)
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose
        • Notes
        • Why Use the Symptom Check List Worksheets?
        • Making the Worksheets a Part of Your Normal Routine
      • Symptom Check List Worksheets
        • Condensed Version - All On One Page
        • Full Version - All On Four Pages
        • Individual System-Based Check Lists
  • Computer Relearn Procedures
    • Computer Relearn Procedures
      • Notes
      • Generic Computer Relearn Procedures
        • Notes
        • Automatic Transmission
        • Manual Transmission
  • OBD-II Drive Cycles
    • Readiness Code Generating
      • General Description
      • General Recommendations
      • Operating Conditions
      • Requirements
      • Drive Cycle Procedure
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Unrelated Noises
      • Non-Drive Axle Noises
      • Gear Noise
      • Chuckle
      • Knock
      • Clunk
      • Bearing Whine
      • Bearing Rumble
      • Chatter On Turns
      • Axle Shaft Noise
      • Vibration
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Inspection
        • Notes
        • Gear Tooth Contact Pattern
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gear Backlash & Pinion Shim Changes
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
      • Drive Train & Transmission Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Drivetrain And Transmission
        • Notes
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
        • Automatic Transmission Fluid
        • Axles
        • Bearings And Races
        • Bell Cranks
        • Bell Housings
        • Bushings (External)
        • Cables (Speedometer)
        • Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
        • Carrier Bearings
        • Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
        • Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
        • Clutch Forks
        • Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
        • Clutch Master Cylinders
        • Clutch Pedals
        • Clutch Pivots
        • Clutch Pressure Plates
        • Clutch Release Bearings
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
        • Companion Flanges
        • Connectors
        • Cooler Bypass Valves
        • Cooler Lines
        • Coolers
        • CV Joints
        • Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
        • Differential Fluid
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
        • Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
        • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Drive Shaft Flanges
        • Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
        • Dust Boots
        • Engine Mounts
        • Exciter Rings
        • Filler Tubes
        • Filters And Screens
        • Flanges
        • Flex Plates
        • Fluid Level Indicators
        • Fluids And Lubricants
        • Flywheels
        • Force Motors
        • Gaskets
        • Guides
        • Half Shafts
        • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
        • Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
        • Hydraulic Fluid
        • Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
        • Key Interlock Systems
        • Limited Slips
        • Lines
        • Linkages (External)
        • Locking Hub Assemblies
        • Locking Hub Control Knobs
        • Lubricants
        • Manual Transmission Fluid
        • Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
        • Metal Clad Seals
        • METALASTIC Joints
        • Modulator Pins
        • Modulators
        • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
        • Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Oil Pans
        • Pans
        • Pilot Holes
        • Pressure Plates
        • Pressure Switches
        • Races
        • Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
        • Screens
        • Seals (Metal Clad)
        • Seals
        • Selector Interlock Systems
        • Sensors
        • Servos
        • Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
        • Side Covers
        • Slip Yokes
        • Solenoids
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
        • Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
        • Switches
        • Tone Wheels
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Torque Converters
        • Transaxle Mounts
        • Transducers (Transmission)
        • Transfer Case Assemblies
        • Transfer Case Fluid
        • Transmission Coolers
        • Transmission Mounts
        • Transmission Pans
        • Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
        • Tubes
        • Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
        • Vacuum Controls
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Vacuum Motors
        • Vacuum-Operated Switches
        • Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Vents
        • Vibration Dampers
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Speed Sensors
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
        • Yokes And Slip Yokes
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • All Models
  • DTC Index
    • Air Bag Restraint System DTCS
    • Anti-Theft, Interior Light Delay & Power Door Locks DTCS
    • Convertible Top - Power DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brake System/Traction Control DTCS
    • Engine Performance DTC
    • Instrument Panel DTCS
  • Electrical
    • Map - Electrical Systems
      • Electrical Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Actuator Motors (Electric)
        • Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
        • Air Bags
        • Alternators And Generators
        • Amplifiers
        • Antennas
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Cables
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belts
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
        • Cd Players
        • Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Clutch Switches
        • Connectors
        • Control Modules
        • Cruise Control Brake Switches
        • Cruise Control Cables
        • Cruise Control Clutch Switches
        • Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
        • Cruise Control Reservoirs
        • Cruise Control Tubes
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
        • Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Defoggers
        • Defrosters
        • Delays
        • Dimmers
        • Electric Heaters
        • Equalizers
        • Fuse Blocks
        • Fuse Boxes And Blocks
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gauges
        • Generators
        • Ground Cables And Straps
        • Ground Straps
        • Headlight Adjusters
        • Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
        • Horns And Sirens
        • Ignition Switches
        • Indicator Lights
        • Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
        • Keyless Entry Transmitters
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Microphones
        • Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
        • Motors
        • Neutral Safety Switches
        • Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
        • Odometers
        • Power Distribution Center
        • Pulleys
        • Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
        • Relay Boxes
        • Relays
        • Sealed Beams
        • Seat Heaters
        • Security Alarm Sensors
        • Sirens
        • Solenoids
        • Speakers And Microphones
        • Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
        • Speedometer Cables
        • Speedometers
        • Starters
        • Sub-Woofer Volume Control
        • Switches
        • Tachometer Cables
        • Tachometers
        • Tape Players And Cd Players
        • TENSIONERS
        • Timers
        • Transceivers
        • Transducers
        • Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
        • Voltage Regulators
        • Washer Fluid Level Senders
        • Washer Pumps
        • Wiper Arms And Blades
        • Wiper Blades
        • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
        • Wiper Linkages
        • Wiper Nozzles
        • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Engine Identification
      • Inspection Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Magnetic Particle Inspection
          • Notes
          • Magnaflux & Magnaglo
        • Penetrant Inspection
          • Notes
          • Zyglo
          • Dye Check
        • Ultrasonic Inspection
        • X-Ray Inspection
        • Pressure Testing
      • Cleaning Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Bead Blasting
        • Chemical Cleaning
      • Component Cleaning
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Sheet Metal Parts
        • Intake & Exhaust Manifolds
      • Cylinder Head Replacement
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Installation
        • Valve Adjustment
      • Cylinder Head Overhaul
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cylinder Head Disassembly
        • Cylinder Head Cleaning & Inspection
        • Valve Springs
        • Valve Guide
          • Notes
          • Measuring Valve Guide Clearance
          • Reaming Valve Guide
          • Replacing Valve Guide
        • Valves & Valve Seats
          • Notes
          • Valve Grinding
          • Valve Lapping
          • Valve Seat Grinding
          • Valve Seat Replacement
          • Valve Seat Concentricity
        • Cylinder Head Reassembly
          • Notes
          • Valve Stem Installed Height
        • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Notes
          • Replacement (On-Vehicle)
        • Valve Spring Installed Height
        • Rocker Arms & Assemblies
          • Notes
          • Rocker Studs
          • Rocker Arms & Shafts
        • Push Rods
        • Lifters
          • Notes
          • Hydraulic Lifters
          • Mechanical Lifters
      • Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Ridge Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning
          • Inspection
        • Piston & Cylinder Bore Fit
        • Assembling Piston & Connecting Rod
        • Checking Piston Ring Clearances
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Installation
        • Connecting Rod Side Clearance
        • Main & Connecting Rod Bearing Clearance
          • Notes
          • Plastigage Method
          • Micrometer & Telescopic Gauge Method
      • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Installation
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Notes
          • Dial Indicator Method
          • Feeler Gauge Method
        • Cylinder Block
          • Notes
          • Block Cleaning
          • Block Inspection
          • Cylinder Bore Inspection
          • Cylinder Honing
          • Deck Warpage
          • Deck Height
          • Main Bearing Bore & Alignment
          • Expansion Plug Removal
          • Expansion Plug Installation
          • Oil Gallery Plug Removal
          • Oil Gallery Plug Installation
      • Camshaft
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Camshaft Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft Installation
        • Camshaft End Play
      • Timing Chains & Belts
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Chains
        • Timing Belts
        • Tension Adjustment
      • Timing Gears
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Gear Backlash & RUNOUT
        • Rear Main Oil Seal Installation
          • Notes
          • One-Piece Type Seal
          • Rope Type Seal
          • Split-Rubber Type Seal
      • Oil Pump
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Rotor Type
        • Gear Type
      • Break-In Procedure
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Engine Pre-Oiling
        • Initial Start-Up
        • Camshaft
        • Piston Rings
        • Final Adjustments
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Maintenance
        • Draining
        • Flushing
          • Notes
          • Radiator
          • Engine Block
        • Refilling
      • Testing
        • Thermostat
        • Pressure Testing
          • Notes
          • Radiator Cap
          • Cooling System
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Introduction
      • Handling Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
      • Checking Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Where Does DRIVEABILITY Diagnosis Start?
        • Perform Basic Inspection
        • Check For Trouble Codes
        • Diagnose Symptom
        • Test System
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
      • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Accessory Belts
        • Accessory Pulleys
        • Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
        • Air Ducts And Tubes
        • Air Filter Elements
        • Air Filter Gaskets
        • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
        • Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
        • Air Injection Control Solenoids
        • Air Plenums
        • Air Pump Belts
        • Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
        • Air Tubes
        • Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
        • Baffles
        • Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
        • Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
        • Barometric Pressure Sensors
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Connectors
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
        • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
        • Belt-Driven Air Pumps
        • Boost Control Mechanism
        • Camshaft Position Sensors
        • Carburetors And Chokes
        • Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
        • Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
        • Check Valves
        • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Chokes
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Cold Start Injectors
        • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
        • Connectors
        • Coolant Recovery Tanks
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Motor Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
        • Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motor Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Crankshaft Position Sensors
        • Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
        • Cylinder Head Assemblies
        • DECEL Valves
        • Deflectors
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks And Tubes
        • Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Boots And Shields
        • Distributor Caps
        • Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Rotors
        • Distributor Shields
        • Distributors
        • Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
        • EGR Coolers
        • EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Plates And Coolers
        • Electronic Spark Control Modules
        • Electronic Transmission Control Devices
        • Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
        • Engine Cooling Systems
        • Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
        • Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Engine Oil Canisters
        • Engine Oil Coolers (External)
        • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
        • Engine Oil Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
        • Engine Oil
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
        • Expansion Plugs
        • Fan Control Sensor
        • Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
        • Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
        • Fuel Caps
        • Fuel Dampers
        • Fuel Delivery Check Valves
        • Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
        • Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel Filters
        • Fuel Injector Cleaning
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Level Senders
        • Fuel Pressure Regulators
        • Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
        • Fuel Rails
        • Fuel RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel System Cleaning Service
        • Fuel Tanks
        • Fuel
        • Gaskets
        • Grommets (Valve Cover)
        • Harmonic Dampers
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Hose Clamps
        • Hose Connectors
        • Hose Couplers
        • Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
        • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
        • Housings
        • Idle Air Controls
        • Idle Speed Control Actuators
        • Ignition Boots
        • Ignition Coil Towers
        • Ignition Coils
        • Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
        • Ignition Switches
        • Ignition Terminals
        • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
        • Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensors
        • Intake Cleaning
        • Intake Manifolds
        • In-Tank Fuel Strainers
        • INTERCOOLERS
        • Knock Sensors
        • Liquid Vapor Separators
        • Long Block Assemblies
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
        • Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
        • Metal Air Pipes
        • Mix Control Solenoids
        • Motor Mounts
        • O2 Sensors
        • Oil Pans
        • Oil Pressure Sending Units
        • Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
        • Oil Pumps
        • O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
        • Park Neutral Position Switches
        • PCV Breather Elements
        • PCV Orifices
        • PCV Valves
        • Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensors
        • Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
        • Powertrain Control Prom
        • Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiators
        • Roll Over Valves
        • Sealing Compounds
        • Seals
        • Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
        • Sensors
        • Short Block Assemblies
        • Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
        • Spark Plugs
        • Spring Locks
        • Super Chargers
        • Switches
        • Thermal Vacuum Valves
        • Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Throttle Bodies
        • Throttle Body Cleaning
        • Throttle Cables
        • Throttle Linkages And Cables
        • Throttle Position Sensors
        • Throttle Position Switches
        • Timing Belt Sprockets
        • Timing Belts
        • Timing Covers
        • Torque Struts
        • Transmission Range Switches
        • Tube Clamps
        • Tube Connectors
        • Tube Couplers
        • Tubes
        • Turbo Chargers
        • Vacuum Connections
        • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
        • Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valve Covers
        • Vehicle Speed Senors
        • Volume Air Flow Sensors
        • Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
        • Waste Gate Control Solenoids
        • Water Pumps (Electric)
        • Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • General Information
      • Testing For Parasitic Load
        • Notes
        • CHRYSLER Ignition Off Draw (IOD) Test
        • Test Procedure Using Test Switch
        • Intermittent Parasitic Load Problems
        • Diode Check & Solenoid Test
        • Quad Driver Test
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose Of This Article
        • Notes
        • Scope Of This Article
      • Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
        • Introduction
        • Overview Of NOID Light
          • Notes
          • Use the Right Noid Light
        • Overview Of DVOM
          • Notes
          • Checking Injector Resistance
          • Checking Available Voltage At the Injector
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty
          • How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work
          • Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter
          • Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter
      • The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
        • Notes
        • Overview
        • Voltage Controlled Circuit ("Saturated Switch")
        • Current Controlled Circuit ("Peak & Hold")
      • The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
      • Interpreting Injector Waveforms
        • Notes
        • Interpreting A Voltage Controlled Pattern
        • Interpreting A Current Controlled Pattern
      • Current Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
      • Voltage Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
    • Exhaust Systems
      • Notes
      • Map Standards Of Service
      • The Map Process - Overview
      • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Catalytic Converters
      • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
      • Exhaust Connections
      • Hangers
      • Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
      • Heat Shields
      • Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
      • Mechanical EFE Devices
      • Muffler Valve
      • Mufflers And Resonators
    • Reason Code Explanation
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accumulators
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Air Conditioning Fittings
        • Air Conditioning Hoses
        • Air Conditioning Metal Lines
        • Air Control Doors
        • Air Dams (External)
        • Air Distribution System
        • Belts
        • Blend Doors
        • Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
        • Blower Motors
        • Blower Resistors
        • Blower Switches
        • Cabin Air Filters
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Compressor Clutch Assemblies
        • Compressors
        • Condenser Air Seals
        • Condenser Fan Motors
        • Condensers
        • Connectors
        • Control Cables
        • Control Heads (Function Selectors)
        • Control Linkages
        • Control Modules
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Blades
        • Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Evaporator Drain Tubes
        • Evaporator Filters
        • Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
        • Evaporators
        • Expansion Valves
        • Function Selectors
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gaskets
        • Heater Cases
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Heater Hoses
        • High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
        • Idlers
        • In-Line Filters
        • Metal Fittings
        • Metal Lines
        • Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
        • ORIFACE Tubes
        • O-Rings
        • Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
        • Plenums
        • Pressure Control Valves
        • Pressure Sensors
        • Pulleys
        • Radiators
        • Receiver-DRIERS
        • Refrigerant Oil
        • Refrigerant
        • Relays
        • Seals
        • Service Ports
        • Spring Lock Couplings
        • Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
        • Switches (Electrical)
        • TENSIONERS
        • Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
        • Vacuum Reservoirs
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
        • Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
      • * Please Read This First *
      • ACURA
      • ASUNA
      • AUDI
      • BMW
      • CHRYSLER Corp.
        • CHRYSLER
        • Dodge
        • Eagle
        • PLYMOUTH
      • General Motors
        • BUICK
        • CHEVROLET
        • GMC
        • OLDSMOBILE
        • Optima
        • PONTIAC
      • HYUNDAI
      • Jaguar
      • KIA
      • MAZDA
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
      • Mercury
      • MERKUR
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
      • RENAULT
      • SATURN
      • Smart
      • SUBARU
      • SUZUKI
      • TOYOTA
      • VOLKSWAGEN
      • VOLVO
      • All Others
    • Transmission Application - A/T
      • Transmission
        • 1983
        • 1984
        • 1985
        • 1986
        • 1987
        • 1988
        • 1989
        • 1990
        • 1991
        • 1992
        • 1993
        • 1994
        • 1995
        • 1996
        • 1997
        • 1998
        • 1999
        • 2000
        • 2001
        • 2002
        • 2003
      • Oil Pan Gasket
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
      • Conversion Table
    • Metric Conversions
      • Metric Conversions
        • Notes
        • Length
        • Volume
        • Torque
        • Pressure
      • Conversion Factors
  • OEM General Information
    • How To Use The Engine Performance Section
      • * Please Read This First *
      • How To Use The Engine Performance Section
      • Application
        • Notes
        • Introduction/Engine/VIN Id
      • Emission Applications
        • Notes
        • Emission Application Tables
      • Specifications
        • Notes
        • Service & Adjustment Specifications
      • Adjustment
        • Notes
        • On-Vehicle Adjustments
      • Theory & Operation
      • Testing & Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Basic Diagnostic Procedures/Basic Testing
        • Self-Diagnostics/Tests W/Codes
        • Trouble Shooting - No Codes/Tests W/O Codes
        • System & Component Testing
      • Pin Voltage Charts
      • Sensor Range Charts
        • Notes
        • Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Removal, Overhaul & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams - Engine Performance
        • Notes
        • 2002 & Earlier
        • 2003 & Later
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (EGR)
      • Notes
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset Procedure (EGR)
    • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (Oxygen Sensor)
      • Notes
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Service Interval Display Reset
        • Oil Quality Adapting
        • Maximum Values Adapting
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
  • Restraints
    • Air Bag Deactivation Procedures
      • Special Care During Mechanical Repairs
      • ACURA
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling Driver-Side Air Bag (1997 Integra)
          • Disabling Passenger-Side Air Bag (1997 Integra)
          • Activating System (1997 Integra)
          • Disabling System (1997 2.2CL, 3.0CL, 3.5RL, 2.5TL & 3.2TL)
          • Activating System (1997 2.2CL, 3.0CL, 3.5RL, 2.5TL & 3.2TL)
          • Disabling Air Bag System (1998 Models)
          • Activating Air Bag System (1998 Models)
      • AUDI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • BMW
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
      • HONDA
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling Air Bag System
          • Activating Air Bag System
      • HYUNDAI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • INFINITI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling Air Bag System
          • Activating Air Bag System
      • ISUZU
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling System (Hombre)
          • Activating System (Hombre)
          • Disabling System (1997 Rodeo)
          • Activating System (1997 Rodeo)
          • Disabling System (1997 Trooper)
          • Activating System (1997 Trooper)
          • Disabling System (1998 Rodeo & Trooper)
          • Activating System (1998 Rodeo & Trooper)
      • KIA
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • LEXUS
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling System (ES300 & LS400)
          • Activating System (ES300 & LS400)
          • Disabling System (GS300 & GS400)
          • Activating System (GS300 & GS400)
          • Disabling System (SC300 & SC400)
          • Activating System (SC300 & SC400)
          • Disabling System (LX450)
          • Activating System (LX450)
      • MAZDA
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling System (Except Protege)
          • Activating System (Except Protege)
          • Disabling System (Protege)
          • Activating System (Protege)
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling System (C230 & C280)
          • Activating System
          • Disabling System (E300D, E300DT, E320, E420 & E430)
          • Disabling System (S320, S420 & S500)
      • MITSUBISHI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • NISSAN
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • SUBARU
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • SUZUKI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
      • TOYOTA
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling Air Bag System
          • Activating Air Bag System
      • VOLKSWAGEN
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • VOLVO
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
          • Notes
          • Seat Belt Tensioner Inspection
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
    • Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables - EUROPEAN
      • ALFA Romeo (1991-95)
      • AUDI (1989-04)
      • BMW (1986-04)
      • Jaguar (1990-04)
      • Land Rover (1995-04)
      • MERCEDES-BENZ (1986-04)
      • Mini (2002-04)
      • PORSCHE (1987-04)
      • SAAB (1989-04)
      • VOLKSWAGEN (1990-04)
      • VOLVO (1987-04)
  • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures
      • Common Specs & Procedures
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
      • Steering & Suspension Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Wheel And Tire
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
      • Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
      • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
      • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
        • Notes
        • Active Handling
        • Active Suspension Control Modules
        • Active Variable Ratio Steering
        • Active Yaw Control
        • Adaptive Cruise Control
        • Advance TRAC
        • Air Bags
        • Air Ride Control Modules
        • Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
        • Air Ride Suspension
        • Air Ride Tubes
        • Air Shocks And Air Struts
        • Air Spring Valves
        • Air Springs
        • Air Suspension Control Valves
        • Air Suspension DRIERS
        • Axle Acceleration Sensor
        • Ball Joints
        • Body Acceleration Sensor
        • Bushings
        • Center Links
        • Compressors
        • Continuous Damping Control
        • Control Arm Shafts
        • Control Arms
        • Control Modules
        • Distance Regulation Control Module
        • Distance Regulation Sensor
        • Drag Links
        • Dynamic Stability Control
        • Dynamic Stability Traction Control
        • Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
        • Electronic Stability Control
        • Electronic Suspension System
        • Flex Couplers
        • Gaskets
        • Height Sensors
        • Hydraulic Hoses
        • Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
        • Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
        • Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
        • Idler Arms
        • Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
        • King Pins
        • Modules
        • Pitman Arms
        • Power Steering Belts
        • Power Steering Coolers
        • Power Steering Fluid
        • Power Steering Hoses
        • Power Steering Lines (Steel)
        • Power Steering Pumps - Electric
        • Power Steering Pumps
        • Radar Sensor
        • Radius Arms
        • Relay Rods
        • Relays
        • Sensors
        • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
        • Spindles
        • Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
        • STABILITRAC
        • Stability Management System
        • Steering Angle Sensor
        • Steering Arms
        • Steering Couplers
        • Steering Dampers
        • Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
        • Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
        • Steering Knuckles
        • Strike Out Bumpers
        • Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
        • Strut Rods
        • Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
        • Sway Bar Links
        • Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
        • Sway Bars
        • Switches
        • Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
        • Tire Pressure Sensors
        • Tires
        • Torque Sensor
        • Torsion Springs
        • Track Bar Bushings
        • Track Bars
        • Trailing Arm Bushings
        • Trailing Arms
        • Valve Stems
        • Vehicle Dynamics Control
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
        • Vehicle Stability Assist
        • Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
        • Warning Lamps
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheels (Rims)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Pre-Alignment Instructions
        • Notes
        • General Alignment Checks
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Camber
        • Caster
        • Toe-In Adjustment
        • Toe-Out On Turns
        • Steering Axis Inclination
  • Traction Control Disable Procedures
    • Traction Control Disable
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
    • * Please Read This First *
    • Introduction
• Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
  • General Servicing
    • A/C Compressor Refrigerant Oil Checking
      • A/C Compressor Applications
      • Refrigerant Oil & Refrigerant Capacity Specifications
      • Refrigerant Oil
      • Servicing Precautions
        • Discharging System
        • Disconnecting Lines & Fittings
        • Connecting Lines & Fittings
        • Placing System In Operation
      • NIPPONDENSO
      • ZEXEL
        • 6-Cylinder
    • A/C Compressor Servicing
      • A/C Compressor Applications
      • NIPPONDENSO Rotary Vane
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Discharge Valve & Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • ZEXEL 6-Cylinder
        • Clutch Coil & Bearing
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
    • A/C System General Servicing
      • USING R-12 & R-134a REFRIGERANT
        • Notes
        • Handling/Safety Precautions
        • IDENTIFYING R-134a SYSTEMS & COMPONENTS
          • Notes
          • Fittings & "O" Rings
          • Underhood A/C Specification Labels
          • Other Means Of Identification
        • Refrigerant Oils
        • Service Equipment
      • System Service Valves
        • SCHRADER-Type Valves
        • Service Valve Locations
      • Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling
  • HVAC Control Systems
    • A/C-Heater System - Manual
      • A/C System Specifications
      • Description
      • Operation
        • A/C System
        • A/C Compressor Clutch Control Module
        • A/C-Heater System Control Panel
          • Air Distribution Control Knob
          • A/C Switch
          • Fan Control Knob
          • Recirculation Switch
          • Temperature Control Knob
      • Self-Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Introduction
          • Hard Failures
          • Intermittent Failures
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code Memory
          • Notes
          • Retrieving & Clearing Codes
        • Output Diagnostic Test Mode
          • Entering Output Diagnostic Test Mode
          • A/C Compressor Clutch Engagement
      • Testing
        • A/C System Performance
        • A/C Compressor Speed Sensor
        • High Pressure Switch
        • High Pressure Cut-Out Switch
        • Low Pressure Switch
        • Pressure Relief Valve
        • Vacuum System
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • A/C Compressor
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C Compressor Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Blower Motor & Resistor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Center Console
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C-Heater Control Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Evaporator & Heater Core
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Instrument Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Orifice Tube
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagram
• Maintenance
  • Procedures
    • Maintenance Information
      • Model Identification
        • VIN Location
        • VIN Code Id Explanation
      • Maintenance Service Information
        • Severe & Normal Service Definitions
          • Notes
          • Normal Service
          • Severe Service (Unique Driving Conditions)
        • Camshaft Timing Belt
        • Brake Fluid Service
      • Service Point Locations
      • Lubrication Specifications - A4
      • Fluid Capacities - A4
      • Lubrication Specifications - Cabriolet
      • Fluid Capacities - Cabriolet
      • Wheel & Tire Specifications
        • Tire Size & Inflation Specifications
        • Wheel & Lug Bolt Specifications
      • Battery Specifications
      • Cautions & Warnings
        • Supplemental Restraint System (Air Bag)
        • Air Conditioning Servicing
        • Anti-Lock Brake System
        • Replacing Blown Fuses
        • Brake Pad Wear Indicator
        • Catalytic Converter
        • Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESD) Parts
        • Fuel System Service
        • Halogen Bulbs
        • Methanol Gasoline
        • Radiator Cap
        • Radiator Fan
        • Spark Plugs
      • Warranty Information
        • Notes
        • Basic New Car Limited Warranty
        • Perforation Warranty
        • Emission Control System Warranty (Except CALIFORNIA)
        • Emission Performance Warranty (Except CALIFORNIA)
        • Emission Control Systems Warranty (CALIFORNIA)
        • Emission Performance Warranty (CALIFORNIA)
      • Fuses & Circuit Breakers
        • Fuse Panel Location - A4
        • Fuse Panel Identification - A4
          • Notes
          • Fuse & Circuit Breaker Identification - A4 & A4 Advant
        • Fuse Panel Location - Cabriolet
        • Fuse Panel Identification - Cabriolet
          • Notes
          • Fuse & Circuit Breaker Identification - Cabriolet
    • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (EGR)
        • Notes
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset Procedure (EGR)
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (Oxygen Sensor)
        • Notes
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Maintenance Service Reminder
        • Notes
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
          • Notes
          • Service Interval Display Reset
          • Oil Quality Adapting
          • Maximum Values Adapting
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
      • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
        • Notes
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
• Restraints
  • Air Bag, SRS
    • Air Bag Restraint System
      • Description & Operation
      • Servicing
      • System Operation Check
      • Post-Collision Inspection
      • Service Precautions
      • Adjustments
      • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • Disposal Procedures
        • Deployed Air Bag
        • UNDEPLOYED Air Bag
        • Scrapped Vehicle
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Control Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Spiral Spring
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Wheel
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Notes
        • Self-Diagnostic System
          • Preliminary Steps
          • Connecting Diagnostic Tester (VAG 1551)
      • Diagnostic Tests
        • Code 00532 - Low Voltage Supply Signal
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00588 - Driver-Side Air Bag IGNITOR Malfunction
          • Printer Display, N95
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00588 - Diagnostic Procedure
        • Code 00589 - Passenger-Side Air Bag No. 1 IGNITOR Malfunction
          • Printer Display, N131
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00590 - Passenger-Side Air Bag No. 2 IGNITOR Malfunction
          • Printer Display, N132
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00594 - Short To Voltage
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00594 - Air Bag Short To Ground
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00595 - Crash Data Stored
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 01025 - Air Bag Indicator Light Malfunction
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 01025 - Diagnostic Procedure
        • Code 65535 - Control Unit Defective
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
      • Wire Repair
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables - EUROPEAN
      • ALFA Romeo (1991-95)
      • AUDI (1989-04)
      • BMW (1986-04)
      • Jaguar (1990-04)
      • Land Rover (1995-04)
      • MERCEDES-BENZ (1986-04)
      • Mini (2002-04)
      • PORSCHE (1987-04)
      • SAAB (1989-04)
      • VOLKSWAGEN (1990-04)
      • VOLVO (1987-04)
• Steering
  • Manual Steering
    • Steering System - Electronic Power
      • Description & Operation
      • Trouble Shooting
      • System Testing
        • Leakage Test
        • SERVOTRONIC Electrical Testing
        • Power Steering Pump Pressure Test
      • Lubrication
        • Reservoir Capacity
        • Fluid Type
        • Hydraulic System Bleeding
      • Adjustments
        • Steering Pump Belt Tension
        • Steering Play
      • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Gear
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Pump
      • Overhaul
        • Steering Gear (Non-SERVOTRONIC)
        • Steering Gear (SERVOTRONIC)
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Power Steering
    • Steering System - Electronic Power
      • Description & Operation
      • Trouble Shooting
      • System Testing
        • Leakage Test
        • SERVOTRONIC Electrical Testing
        • Power Steering Pump Pressure Test
      • Lubrication
        • Reservoir Capacity
        • Fluid Type
        • Hydraulic System Bleeding
      • Adjustments
        • Steering Pump Belt Tension
        • Steering Play
      • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Gear
          • Removal & Installation
        • Power Steering Pump
      • Overhaul
        • Steering Gear (Non-SERVOTRONIC)
        • Steering Gear (SERVOTRONIC)
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Steering Column
    • Description
    • Adjustments
      • Notes
      • Steering Column Cable
        • A6 & A6 Quattro
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Steering Wheel & Horn Pad
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Spiral Spring
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Combination Switch
        • Removal & Installation (A6 & A6 Quattro)
      • Ignition Switch & Lock Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Removal A4
        • Installation
      • Steering Column
        • Notes
        • Removal (A4)
        • Installation
        • Removal (A6 & A6 Quattro)
        • Removal (Cabriolet)
    • Torque Specifications
• Suspension
  • Front Suspension
    • Suspension - Front
      • Description
      • Adjustments & Inspection
        • Wheel Alignment Specifications & Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing
        • Ball Joint Checking
      • Removal & Installation
        • Wheel Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal (A6 & A6 Quattro)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Cabriolet)
        • Ball Joint
          • Notes
          • Removal (Cabriolet)
          • Installation
        • Strut Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal (A6 & A6 Quattro)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly & Installation
          • Removal (Cabriolet)
        • Strut Cartridge
          • Removal & Installation
        • Lower Control Arm
          • Removal & Installation (Cabriolet)
      • Torque Specifications
  • Rear Suspension
    • Suspension - Rear
      • Description
      • Adjustments
        • Centering Rear Axle
        • Rear Brake Proportioning Valve
        • Wheel Alignment Specifications & Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing
      • Removal & Installation
        • Abs Wheel Speed Sensor Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Strut Assembly
          • Removal
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
          • Installation
        • Wheel Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Guide Bushing
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
  • Wheel Alignment
    • Specifications & Procedures
      • Riding Height Adjustment
      • Jacking & Hoisting
        • Notes
        • Frame & Underbody
      • Wheel Alignment Procedures
        • Notes
        • Camber Adjustment (Front)
          • Front Axle (Cabriolet & 90)
          • Front Axle (A6)
        • Camber Adjustment (Rear)
          • Rear Axle (2WD)
          • Rear Camber (AWD)
        • Caster Adjustment
        • Toe Adjustment
          • Front
          • Rear
      • Wheel Alignment Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
• Transmission
  • Automatic Trans
    • Diagnosis - V.A.G. 097
      • Applications
      • Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • Electronic Self-Diagnostics
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Overhaul - V.A.G. 097
      • Applications
      • Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • Lubrication & Adjustments
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Axle Shafts
        • Oil Cooler Flushing
        • Transaxle Components
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Mechanical, Hydraulic & Electrical Checks
        • Road Test
        • Apply & Brake Clutch Application
      • Testing
        • Hydraulic Pressure
        • Stall Speed
      • Removal & Installation
        • Transaxle
        • Torque Converter
          • Removal & Installation
      • Transaxle Disassembly
        • Transmission Unit
        • Final Drive & Transfer Gears
      • Component Disassembly & Reassembly
        • Final Drive
        • Oil Pump & 2ND-4TH Brake Clutch Piston
        • One-Way Clutch
        • Planetary Carrier
          • Inspection & Adjustment
        • Apply Clutch Plate Applications
        • Reverse Apply Clutch
        • Reverse & 2ND-4TH Brake Clutches
        • Transaxle Case
        • Transfer Gears
        • Valve Body
        • 1ST-3RD Apply Clutch
        • 3RD-4TH Apply Clutch
      • Transaxle Reassembly
        • Final Drive & Transfer Gears
          • Notes
          • Adjustment (Differential Roller Bearings)
          • Adjustment (Pinion Roller Bearings)
          • Adjustment (Ring Gear Backlash)
          • Adjustment & Reassembly (Pinion Drive Transfer Gear)
          • Final Drive Assembly
        • Transmission
      • Torque Specifications
      • Transaxle Specifications
    • Removal & Installation - A/T
      • Applications
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • A6
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cabriolet
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
    • Servicing - A/T
      • Application
      • Lubrication
        • Service Intervals
        • Checking Fluid Level
          • Front Final Drive
          • Transaxle With Fill Tube
          • Transaxle Without Fill Tube
          • AWD Center Differential
        • Recommended Fluid
        • Fluid Capacities
        • Draining & Refilling
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Automatic Shift Lock Solenoid
        • Selector Lever Cable
          • Cabriolet
          • A6
        • Throttle Cable
        • Park Lock Cable
      • Torque Specifications
    • Shift Interlock Systems
      • Description & Operation
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Functional Check
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Ignition Interlock Cable
        • Gear Selector Solenoid
        • Gear Selector
      • Removal & Installation
        • Ignition Interlock Cable
        • Selector Lever Cable
      • Wiring Diagrams
• External Pages