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545i Automatic
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Charging Systems
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Battery - Overview
Battery - Overview
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The Battery
Notes
Battery Construction
Notes
Battery Case
The Grids
The Plates
The Separators
Elements
Electrolyte
The Lead Terminals
Battery Types
Notes
Lead-Acid Battery
Lead/Calcium Battery
Hybrid Battery
How The Battery Works
Discharging
Charging
Common Battery Terms
Battery Testing
Notes
Tools Needed
Inspection
Removal of Surface Charge
State-of-Charge Test
Load Test
Battery Maintenance
Electrolyte Level
Battery Cable Connections
Battery Charging
Sulfated Batteries
Notes
Testing A Battery for Sulphation
Battery Freezing
Battery Maintenance (Center Vehicles)
Notes
Vehicle In Storage, Battery Disconnect Switch Removed
Vehicle In Showroom or Display
Vehicle In Storage, Battery Disconnect Switch Left In The Vehicle.
Battery Maintenance Flowchart
Battery Replacement
Notes
Battery Failures
Notes
Most Common Causes of Premature Battery Failures
Workshop Hints
Safety Tips
General Battery Hints
Special Battery Systems
Notes
Vibration Compensating Battery Systems
Notes
E36:
E46:
Dual Battery Systems
E31 (850i):
E38 750iL:
Components of E38 Dual Battery System
Battery Isolation Switch
Notes
Starting Mode
Driving Mode
Charging Mode (in the workshop)
Sleep Mode
Closed Circuit Current Draw Testing
Notes
Performing Closed Current Draw Test